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cssload-cubemove{35%{transform:scale(0.005)}50%{transform:scale(1.7)}65%{transform:scale(0.005)}}@-o-keyframes cssload-cubemove{35%{-o-transform:scale(0.005)}50%{-o-transform:scale(1.7)}65%{-o-transform:scale(0.005)}}@-ms-keyframes cssload-cubemove{35%{-ms-transform:scale(0.005)}50%{-ms-transform:scale(1.7)}65%{-ms-transform:scale(0.005)}}@-webkit-keyframes cssload-cubemove{35%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.005)}50%{-webkit-transform:scale(1.7)}65%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.005)}}@-moz-keyframes cssload-cubemove{35%{-moz-transform:scale(0.005)}50%{-moz-transform:scale(1.7)}65%{-moz-transform:scale(0.005)}} 宗萨钦哲仁波切 文章书籍 宗薩欽哲仁波切《致翁山蘇姬函》 八月 8, 2019 尊敬的翁山蘇姬全國民主聯盟綏貢丹路97號B仰光地區巴翰鎮緬甸聯邦共和國 尊敬的翁山蘇姬閣下，多年以來，閣下為了爭取人民的自由而奮鬥所做的一切，尤其是在將近十五年的軟禁中，您以巨大的勇氣和毅力堅守您的原則，令我極為感動。在這艱難的時刻，容我以這封信函向您表達最深的敬意與景仰。在我心目中，您是這個時代真正的英雄，諾貝爾獎和其它贈與您的榮譽，只不過是錦上添花而已。因此，藉由這封信函，我也想說，最近幾個月來，包括愛丁堡、牛津、格拉斯哥、都柏林等城市撤回贈與您的獎項，乃至加拿大取消您的榮譽公民頭銜，令我深感駭然。這些針對您而來、令人震驚的舉措，顯示出一種毫不遮掩的雙重標準。奧巴馬總統就職僅只八個月、尚無任何建樹之時，便已獲頒諾貝爾和平獎。然而，後來他以無人機襲擊與轟炸，導致成千上萬的中東平民喪生，卻沒人要求剝奪他的獎項。事實上，北韓的去核化對世界和平所將帶來的貢獻，會勝過奧巴馬的任何作為，讓唐納 川普和金正恩更有資格得到諾貝爾獎。然而，潛藏在表面之下，撤銷獎項這種偽善的做法，是殖民主義的遺毒仍在繼續扼殺亞洲乃至世界的跡象。我們亞洲人被教導去貶低自身高貴的傳統，而去崇尚西方的價值觀、文學和音樂，嚼口香糖、穿泛白牛仔褲，擁抱臉書和亞馬遜，還模仿西方的各種習俗與制度。對於歐洲二戰時期的大屠殺，我們都聽得太多而感到自責了。然而在我們這裡所發生的大屠殺，卻輕易地被遺忘、棄置於歷史的垃圾桶中。有多少西方人會悼念由於英國主導的印巴分治而流離失所的1500萬人，以及失去性命的數百萬人？或者在北韓和越南殞命的500萬平民？有誰還記得在1964至1973年間，美國在寮國投下了200萬噸炸彈？這幾乎等於整個二戰時期美國在歐洲和亞洲投彈的總量，相對人口而言，寮國是歷史上遭受轟炸最嚴重的國家。我們又是多麼迅速地遺忘了16至18世紀的種族滅絕，美洲原住民約有1.3億人被殺害，超過原有人口的90%。我們非西方人應該很有理由對那些歐洲侵略者感到不滿，但他們現在卻儼然道德權威來指點我們。如今，我們如此迷戀西方，如此沈浸於西方的心態，這種批評會被視為幾乎是褻瀆。所以，我必須說明，我在此所寫的一切，並非否認西方對人類文明做出的偉大貢獻。西方的創造——從卓越的音樂、藝術和文學、傑出的科學、醫學的突破，乃至諸如無政府主義等哲學流派——都是令人歎為觀止的。但是，看到近幾個月來西方針對您的那種自以為是、道貌岸然的行為，我認為對他們強加於我們身上並延續至今的殖民主義架構和世界觀，在此時應該將真相道出。最重要的是，此刻我們更應該為自己偉大的東方智慧傳統和遺產恢復尊嚴。許多人誤以為受西方侵略和控制的殖民時代早已過去，畢竟大多數亞非國家在半個世紀之前，都似乎贏得了政治上的獨立了。然而，誠如“後殖民主義者” 所言，殖民地時代的經濟與政治架構，仍然持續地操縱著全世界人們的生活。事實上，在今天，西方意識形態、生活方式和道德體系的滲透，較之以往更為深刻、細微而危險。完全不瞭解東方深奧的智慧傳統，殖民主義遺風正持續地蠶食並摧毀我們自身的文化遺產。例如，過去我們知道如何尊重自然、與之和諧共存。現在，我們被西方資本主義體制所吞噬，隨之而來的是貪婪的物質主義、交通擁堵、污染、溫室氣體的排放以及資源的急劇消耗。如果這種系統未能造福西方，卻正在摧毀著地球，它又如何能造福東方？為了支撐這個體制，西方十分自傲於它所謂的“人權”和“民主”，還要我們盲目地效仿。然而西方所關心的只是有限的“個人權利”，而且大多是為了有錢有勢的階層。美國和大多數西方國家的憲法都不保護諸如工作、居住、教育、健保和安全飲水的“社會權利”。而當在對自己有利的時候，西方明目張膽地違反它所鼓吹的個人權利。按理說，寫這封信是在行使我的“言論自由”。然而，如果聽眾並不寬容，如果他們對作者貼標籤、污蔑、妖魔化的話，那麼言論自由只是一場騙局。事實上，如今的 “多數暴力”，也包括了所謂的“自由主義者”，他們在美國校園中經常封鎖他們不認可的看法，尤其是那些可能觸怒某些團體的觀點。而且這是極為諷刺的。因為西方自由主義者目前對於“身份認同政治”的執迷，正好被其政敵拿在手中玩弄。用極右派斯蒂夫 巴農的話來說：“他們在身份認同政治上說得越多，我就越逮到他們了。我希望他們天天都談論論種族歧視。如果左派只關注種族和身份，而我們提倡經濟國族主義，我們可以粉碎他們。” 事實上，為了反抗資本主義和自由主義民主制度的整體症狀，中國、越南、寮國和北韓吞下了另一個西方舶來品，即共產主義，但這與它們自身的歷史和文化大異其趣。難怪這個虛假的模型四處潰敗，終究落入原本想要避開的資本主義之懷抱。甚至“開發”這個詞也是西方殖民主義強加的概念。工業化的西方國家被認為是“已開發國家”，而我們應該照著他們不良的西方概念去“開發”。對於西方而言，整個世界只有一個可以接受的方向，那就是成為資本主義的、“民主”的、個人主義的、才會是“已開發”的，而且要毫無顧忌地消費更多。與此同時，我們自己的觀點和傳統，儘管可以真正拯救人類，卻被貼上了“未開發”和“迷信”的標籤。在被要求對西方道德觀磕頭的同時，我們忽視了來自東方智慧傳統的深奧道德價值——殖民者將之切斷、教我們去厭惡這些價值，並以其自身的價值觀取而代之。而且，在我們傳統當中那些西方認為有用的部分，現在也被移植和借用了。如今，雖然對瑜伽所蘊含的深奧印度智慧傳統缺乏瞭解，佛羅裡達州和加州卻都在“認證”瑜伽老師。有些西方的“佛法教師”著書立說，隨意地扭曲佛陀的教法，以符合自己理性、科學的傾向。還有一些自封的“上師”，剪接、剽竊佛陀教法中合用的段落，說是自己的創見，不僅錯失真意，還從不指明出處。事實上，佛教本身也被殖民化而被改得面目全非——佛法殊勝的智慧和方法被更改、拆解、剜心剔骨，為了就是配合西方科學以及自助讀物的風潮。為了保持“客觀性”並為社會所接納，西裝革履的佛教學者們隱藏自己的宗門師承，避免使用佛學術語，僅僅在盛裝宴會的場合，才展示一下東方文化。甚至，東方的教師也有意地避開佛教的符號和圖像，定制他們的內觀及其它禪修課程，來迎合西方非宗教化的期待。更普遍的情況是，亞洲的專業人士迅速地倒向西方價值觀，而視自己的傳統為迷信與過時，將之棄而不顧，錯誤地將現代化等同於西化，從而博得“現代”、“進步”、“思想開明”的讚譽。如果沒有西方的認可，他們覺得自己的成就一文不值。諷刺的是，當中國、日本和韓國的音樂家學習和演奏西方古典音樂時，他們極為尊重作品的完整性，完全忠於作品的原貌。即使在日常生活和流行文化中，亞洲人也試圖忠實地複製西方人的思想、外表和舉止。與此截然相反的是，太多西方學者操縱、挑揀甚至篡改他們從東方汲取的一切，還帶著不講理的道德權威，將他們改造後的版本強加在我們身上。這種心理上和說教式的殖民主義是不易察覺而且危險，一如您所痛苦地切身經歷過的。對於西方而言，唯一合格的“受害者”是那些受西方本身壓迫過的物件，我們其他人只能加入他們的集體內疚和懺悔而已。我們不敢指出他們所謂的“受害者”曾經在數個世紀中殘忍地迫害我們的人民。在我看來，授予或撤銷您的獎項，充分代表了遍在的殖民主義遺風所衍生的偽善文化。那些獎項除了是對我們進行殖民統治、把我們拉進西方價值體系的另一種手段之外，別無價值，只會讓他們洋洋得意。事實上，我個人願意代支郵費，將您的加拿大榮譽公民證寄回渥太華去。您不需要它！對我而言，您始終是真正的英雄。對於眾多不敢發聲但默默贊同的人來說，您象徵著我們自己的“#MeToo”（我也是）運動。我在此所寫的任何文字，都無法對緬甸軍方犯下的不當行為合理化。我只是要說，西方針對您的做法，以及他們顯現出來的整個殖民主義——無論是歷史上或現存的——是錯誤的。後殖民主義的強勢經濟和意識形態，對我們的人民、對這個地球所帶來的傷害，遠大於您做過的任何事。一個有罪的人不能擔任法官的角色，也沒有資格去頒發或撤銷任何獎項。同樣的，我在此所寫的一切，也並非否認羅興亞人遭受的苦難。但是，與其指責您，英國人是否至少應該承認他們作為殖民者的責任？在19和20世紀，是他們將大部分羅興亞人當作廉價勞工，從孟加拉移到緬甸去耕種稻田的。如果英國人確實關心，希望彌補他們對緬甸和羅興亞人所造成的傷害，他們會讓羅興亞人移民英國，給予公民身份，而不是讓他們長期滯留在難民營裡受苦。與其撤銷您的獎項，牛津、謝菲爾德、紐卡斯爾、愛丁堡和格拉斯哥這些城市應該讓羅興亞人定居才對。許多人會把我寫給您的這封信斥為“派別偏見”或“惡意攻擊西方”之類的話。但是我們已經長期被西方殖民主義所嚴重扭曲，現在我們別無選擇，只能打破沉默，竭力呼籲，指出長久以來的禁忌。我們已經慶祝英美贏得戰爭勝利夠久了，但是西方在全球的強勢地位對我們意味著什麼，我們敢去正視嗎？如果我們自己都不去開啟這場對話，如果中國、印度和其他國家繼續被吸納到西方模式中去，那麼唯一會發聲的就只有那些公然仇視西方的人了。我們真的希望把這個直言不諱挑戰西方的傲慢的空間，全盤留給ISIS和最激進的極端分子嗎？這就是我給您寫這封信的原因——因為對我們很多人來說，您完美地代表了中道。您堅忍不拔、恪守原則，為了您的人民奮鬥不懈，拒絕臣服於西方說教式的自我正義，後者在這番撤銷獎項的舉動中露出了真面目。對此，請您確信您擁有我們的崇敬與支持。然而，對於在此提到的艱巨議題，要提出有效的策略，產生真正的對話，卻是更為困難的。似乎，只有我們擁有大量石油或者他們需要的其他資源時，西方殖民者才會聽我們說話。另一個辦法是，我們必須找出西方人的弱點，在我看來是他們的傲慢和罪惡感。如今，他們不敢批評穆斯林或猶太人，唯恐被指責為“伊斯蘭恐懼症”或“反猶太者”。或許我們需要先為排斥佛教和排斥亞洲的偏見創造出一些新詞，來激發他們對這些恐懼症的內疚與罪惡感。再度地，請接受我由衷的感謝。感謝您過去、現在、未來持續為您的同胞、為我們引以為傲的東方傳統，所做的一切。 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